氮钾配施对玉米生长、生理及产量品质的调控效应

李彤; 周甜; 苏明; 李清云; 姬月梅; 康建宏; 吴宏亮

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2026019

氮钾配施对玉米生长、生理及产量品质的调控效应

Effects of combined nitrogen and potassium fertilization on maize growth, physiological characteristics, yield, and grain quality

摘要

摘要:
目的针对宁夏引黄灌区春玉米氮钾肥施用不合理的问题，探究不同氮钾施用量对玉米生长发育、生理特性、水肥利用效率与产量品质的影响，明确当地春玉米适宜氮钾施用量。
方法以先玉1321为供试材料，于2023—2024年在宁夏农垦平吉堡农场开展裂区试验。主区为施氮量(以N计)，分别为N450 (450 kg/hm²)、N383(383 kg/hm²)、N315 (315 kg/hm²)和N248 (248 kg/hm²)；副区为施钾量(以K₂O计)，分别为K45 (45 kg/hm²)、K68 (68 kg/hm²)、K90 (90 kg/hm²)和K113 (113 kg/hm²)；以当地常规施氮施钾处理N450K45为对照。使用相关性分析、主成分分析、熵权-TOPSIS法和秩和比法系统评价。
结果各施钾水平下，玉米多项生长发育、生理特性、水肥利用效率、产量和品质指标随施氮量降低呈先升后降的单峰变化趋势；各施氮水平下，上述指标随施钾量增加也呈相同变化趋势，其中N315K90处理在多项指标中表现较优。与CK相比，N315K90处理的干物质积累量和叶面积指数两年分别提高27.38%～34.77%和19.67%～43.83%；PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、相对叶绿素含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、胞间CO₂浓度(Ci)和蒸腾速率(Tr)分别提高10.17%～24.81%、9.36%～10.63%、25.34%～25.35%、13.39%～18.03%和23.60%～28.74%；灌溉水分利用效率(IWUE)、总淀粉含量、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGP)活性、淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性和产量分别提高17.23%～22.70%、16.05%～27.18%、28.00%～36.24%、21.05%～26.90%和17.23%～22.70%。综合评价结果表明，N315K90处理综合表现最优。
结论宁夏引黄灌区滴灌条件下，减氮30%并增钾100% (N315K90)的施肥措施能够提高玉米干物质积累量、叶面积指数、光合性能、灌溉水分利用效率、淀粉合成关键酶活性及总淀粉含量，促进产量提升和品质形成，可作为本试验条件下该区域春玉米生产的推荐氮钾施用量。

Abstract:
Objective To address the unreasonable application of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers in spring maize production in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia, this study investigated the effects of different nitrogen and potassium application rates on maize growth and development, physiological characteristics, water and fertilizer use efficiency, yield, and grain quality, with the aim of determining suitable nitrogen and potassium application rates for spring maize in this region.
Methods A split-plot field experiment was conducted at Pingjibao Farm of Ningxia State Farms from 2023 to 2024 using the maize cultivar Xianyu 1321. The main plots comprised four nitrogen application rates, expressed as N: N450 (450 kg/hm²), N383 (383 kg/hm²), N315 (315 kg/hm²), and N248 (248 kg/hm²). The subplots comprised four potassium application rates, expressed as K₂O: K45 (45 kg/hm²), K68 (68 kg/hm²), K90 (90 kg/hm²), and K113 (113 kg/hm²). The local conventional nitrogen and potassium treatment, N450K45, was used as the control. Correlation analysis, principal component analysis, entropy-weighted TOPSIS, and the rank-sum ratio method were used for systematic evaluation.
Results Under each potassium application rate, multiple indicators of maize growth and development, physiological characteristics, water and fertilizer use efficiency, yield, and grain quality initially increased and then decreased as the nitrogen application rate decreased. Under each nitrogen application rate, these indicators showed a similar trend with increasing potassium application rate, and the N315K90 treatment performed relatively well for multiple indicators. Compared with CK, the N315K90 treatment increased dry matter accumulation and leaf area index by 27.38%-34.77% and 19.67%-43.83%, respectively, across the two experimental years. The maximum photochemical efficiency of PSII (Fv/Fm), relative chlorophyll content (SPAD), net photosynthetic rate (Pn), intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci), and transpiration rate (Tr) increased by 10.17%−24.81%, 9.36%−10.63%, 25.34%−25.35%, 13.39%−18.03%, and 23.60%−28.74%, respectively. Irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), total starch content, ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGP) activity, starch branching enzyme (SBE) activity, and grain yield increased by 17.23%−22.70%, 16.05%−27.18%, 28.00%−36.24%, 21.05%−26.90%, and 17.23%−22.70%, respectively. The comprehensive evaluation indicated that the N315K90 treatment had the best overall performance.
Conclusion Under drip irrigation conditions in the Yellow River Irrigation Area of Ningxia, reducing nitrogen application by 30% and increasing potassium application by 100% (N315K90) enhanced maize dry matter accumulation, leaf area index, photosynthetic capacity, irrigation water use efficiency, key enzyme activities involved in starch synthesis, and total starch content, thereby improving grain yield and quality. Under the present experimental conditions, N315K90 can be recommended as a suitable nitrogen and potassium application regime for spring maize production in this region.

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