Proportional replacement of organic N in chemical fertilizer for tomato production in a greenhouse system
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摘要:目的
有机肥氮替代部分化肥是实现作物高产优质、化肥增效和快速培肥土壤的重要技术途径。研究有机肥与化肥不同比例配施对新建温室中番茄产量、品质、氮肥效率和土壤理化性状的影响，以期为设施蔬菜减肥增效提供理论依据和技术支撑。
方法2017和2018年在鲁西南的两个新建大棚进行了试验，供试番茄品种为‘亚特兰大’。依据当地番茄N–P2O5–K2O推荐量 (1108–955–1108)，设置100%化肥 (FP) 和10%、20%、30%、40%的有机肥氮替代比例 (FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40) 处理，以不施氮肥为对照 (CK)，分析了番茄果实及植株氮磷钾含量，番茄NO3–-N、维生素C (Vc)、总糖、酸度以及收获后0—30 cm土壤养分含量及容重、孔隙度等物理性状指标，并计算经济效益。
结果有机肥氮替代比例在10%～30%内时，番茄产量随有机肥氮替代比例的提高而提高，以FM30处理的番茄产量最高，净收益最大，比FP处理增产4.03%，增收6.9%。FM30和FM40处理的番茄果实的硝酸盐含量比FP处理均降低了21.2%左右，FM10处理的番茄Vc、总糖含量最高，随有机肥氮替代比例增加，番茄Vc、糖酸比和总糖含量降低。FM30处理的番茄氮素利用率最高，比FP处理提高了17.7%。与FP处理相比，FM30和FM40处理的土壤硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量显著降低，土壤容重也显著降低，但土壤有机碳含量得到显著增加。
结论当有机氮替代30%的化肥氮时，可以显著提高番茄产量和品质，改善土壤肥力，减少速效养分的残留。
Abstract:ObjectivesThe partial replacement of chemical fertilizers with organic fertilizer is one of the technical pathways to increase crop yield and quality, fertilizer efficiency, and soil fertility. This paper investigates the effects of different proportions of organic and chemical fertilizers on tomato yield, quality, nitrogen absorption and soil physicochemical characteristics in a newly-built greenhouse. The study aims at providing a theoretical basis and technical support for the efficiency of greenhouse-based vegetable production under the proportional use of chemical and organic fertilizers.
MethodThe experiments were carried out in 2017 and 2018 in two newly-built greenhouses in the southwestern part of Shandong Province using Atlanta tomato variety. Based on the N-P2O5-K2O application rate (1108-955-1108) recommended for local tomato, the treatments imposed in this study were 100% chemical fertilizer (FP), 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% organic N replacement in the chemical fertilizer (FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40), and no N input (i.e., control; CK). The contents of N, P and K in the tomato fruits and plants, tomato NO3–-N, Vc, total sugar, acidity, soil nutrient content, bulk density and porosity in 0–30 cm soil layer were analyzed. The economic benefit of the production system was also estimated.
ResultsTomato yield increases with the proportional increase in organic N replacement in the chemical fertilizer. Compared with the FP treatment, the yield and net income from tomato production in FM30 treatment were significantly higher, increasing by 4.03% and 6.09%, respectively. The NO3–-N content in the tomato fruit produced from FM30 and FM40 all decreased by 21.2% compared with the FP treatment. The contents of Vc, sugar-acid ratio, and total sugar were higher in FM10 than other treatments. The contents of Vc, sugar-acid ratio and total sugar decrease as the proportion of organic N replacement increases. The highest N utilization rate was recorded in FM30 (value), surpassing that recorded in the FP treatment by 17.7%. Compared with the FP treatment, the soil NO3–-N, soil bulk density, available P and K contents in FM30 and FM40 significantly decreased in the 0–30 cm soil layer, while the organic carbon contents significantly increased.
ConclusionThe proportional replacement of chemical fertilizer with organic N improves the yield, quality and efficiency of tomato production. Appropriate inclusion of organic N in chemical fertilizer has the potential to improve soil fertility and slowdown soil salinization. Finally, this study recommends 20%–30% inclusion of organic N in total chemical N input for tomato production in the newly-built greenhouse.
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设施蔬菜生产作为满足我们北方地区冬春蔬菜供应、促进农民增收的重要产业而得到迅速发展。施用化肥是设施蔬菜生产的重要保障，然而设施蔬菜生产中普遍存在化肥过量使用、有机肥投入不足、可持续生产力下降等问题，长期单一施用化肥容易造成土壤盐分积累、降低土壤酶活性、土壤有机质消耗、蔬菜产量品质下降[1-4]。为此，2015年农业农村部制定了《2020年化肥、农药使用量零增长行动方案》，科技部也随之启动了“十三五”之“双减”重大研发计划，以减少化肥农药的施用量，提质增效，促进设施蔬菜产业的可持续发展。
有机肥应用在设施蔬菜生产中扮演了极其重要的角色，研究表明，有机肥与无机肥配合施用对作物生长的效果较好[5-6]，并且有机无机肥料配施可协调平衡养分供应，满足作物整个生育期对养分的需求。孙利萍等[7]研究表明，施用羊粪和鸡粪可以提高番茄产量和品质。赵云霞等[8]研究表明，在沙培的日光温室条件下，适宜有机肥施用可促进番茄生长，提高果实产量和品质。不同的有机肥替代化肥比例对蔬菜产量和品质、减少农业化肥浪费、改良环境质量均能产生有益的影响[9-11]。前人在有机肥的科学运用上做了大量研究工作，而新建日光温室大棚是由粮田改建而成，由于前期有机肥投入量少，土壤肥力低，一方面需要培肥地力，另一方面需要收获产量，如何在二者之间寻求平衡，如何科学投入适量有机肥问题则显得尤为突出。在鲁西南潮土新建日光温室开展设施蔬菜有机肥替代化肥技术研究，研究不同有机肥替代比例对蔬菜产量或品质以及节本增效、土壤质量的影响，提出当地生产条件下的适宜有机肥替代比例，以期为设施蔬菜尤其是新建日光温室蔬菜的科学施用有机肥、合理替代化肥提供技术指导。
1. 材料与方法
1.1 试验地概况
试验地点在山东省郓城县南赵楼村绿禾公司冬暖式大棚，该公司位于山东省菏泽市郓城县城南24 km的位置，东经115°40′～116°08′、北纬35°21′～35°52′，属温带大陆性季风气候，四季分明，年均气温13.3℃，年均无霜期208天，年均日照时数2479.7 h，年均降水量694.7 mm。土壤类型为壤质潮土，成土母质为黄河冲积物。所选大棚均为新建大棚，2017年试验温室大棚为2016年年底新建，2018年试验温室大棚为2017年年底新建，新建前种植作物均为小麦和玉米， 所选试验棚0—30 cm土壤的基本理化性质如表1。
表 1 土壤基本理化性质Table 1. Basic physical and chemical properties of soils年份
Year全氮
Total N
(g/kg)硝态氮
NO3−-N
(mg/kg)铵态氮
NH4+-N
(mg/kg)有效磷
Available P
(mg/kg)速效钾
Available K
(mg/kg)有机碳
Organic C
(g/kg)pH 盐
Salt
(g/kg)容重
Bulk density
(g/cm3)孔隙度
Porosity
(%)2017 0.53 21.40 0.92 14.72 51.0 4.84 8.40 0.82 1.54 41.12 2018 0.54 22.12 0.95 15.68 45.0 4.68 8.50 0.84 1.55 40.51 1.2 试验设计与田间管理
试验设置6个处理：不施氮肥对照 (CK)；100%化肥 (FP)；有机肥氮替代10%、20%、30%和40%的化肥氮 (FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40)，每个处理3个重复，随机区组排列，共计18个小区，小区面积36.21 m2。供试番茄品种为进口的‘亚特兰大’，种植密度为38655株/hm2。试验分别于2017年3—6月份和2018年3—6月份进行，两年试验设计、肥料种类用量、种植蔬菜、田间管理均一致，表2所述施肥量为每茬番茄的施肥量。FP处理的养分用量为根据当地产量目标水平结合土壤养分测试结果推荐的用量。供试化肥为15–15–15的芭田复合肥和20-10-20的氨基酸水溶肥，供试有机肥为腐熟鸡粪，养分含量 (以干基计) 为N 1.59%、P2O5 3.14%、K2O 1.71%、有机碳26.55%、pH 8.05。在所有处理统一基施腐熟鸡粪36210 kg/hm2基础上，按照各处理氮素投入量的替代比例，计算鸡粪的施用量，此用量加上基础用量的鸡粪和化肥底肥部分在整地移栽前一次性施入。CK处理中不施用氮肥，磷钾肥分别以过磷酸钙 (P2O5 16%) 和硫酸钾 (K2O 50%) 替代，磷钾肥全部底施，生长期间不再追施任何肥料。另外5个处理为两种复合肥交替追施，各追施5次，除追肥外，各小区其他田间管理措施参考当地种植习惯。于3月初移栽定植，5月中旬开始采摘计产，6月底采摘计产结束，每个小区单独计产。各处理具体养分来源和施用量见表2。
表 2 各处理中肥料养分用量 (kg/hm2)Table 2. The amount of fertilizers applied in each treatment处理
Treatment化肥 Compound fertilizer 鸡粪 Chicken manure N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O CK 0 954.9 1107.9 575.7 1137.0 619.2 FP 1108.1 955.2 1108.1 575.7 1137.0 619.2 FP10 1002.3 849.5 1002.3 654.0 1291.6 703.4 FP20 896.6 743.8 896.6 732.3 1446.3 787.6 FP30 773.4 673.2 773.4 810.6 1600.9 871.8 FP40 667.6 567.6 667.6 888.9 1755.5 956.0 1.3 测定项目与方法
种植前和收获后取0—30 cm土壤，用于测定土壤pH及有机碳、水溶性盐、全氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量；环刀取土壤样品，用于测定土壤容重和孔隙度。测定方法参考土壤农化分析方法[12]。
每次采摘果实计产，产量累积计算，收集生育期内打掉的老叶和收获后植株测定其氮磷钾含量[12]。盛果期取果实测定氮磷钾养分含量和NO3–-N、可溶性糖、可滴定酸和维生素C (Vc) 含量。测定方法参考土壤农业化学分析方法[12]。
氮肥效率计算方法[13]如下：
氮素利用率 (NUE，%) = (施氮处理吸氮量 − 未施氮处理吸氮量)/施氮量 × 100；
氮收获指数 (%) = 果实吸氮量/地上部总吸氮量 × 100
肥料氮偏生产力 (kg/kg) = 果实产量/施氮量
1.4 数据处理
测定数据利用Microsoft Excel 2016进行数据处理，采用DPS 18.10软件进行统计分析。
2. 结果与分析
2.1 不同施肥处理土壤物理性状和养分状况
2.1.1 施肥处理对土壤容重和孔隙度的影响
2017、2018两年试验土壤容重和孔隙度的测定结果表明，FM10降低土壤容重的效果未达显著水平，FM20、FM30和FM40处理的土壤容重显著低于FP处理，而这3个处理间没有差异；有机肥添加量对土壤孔隙度没有显著影响 (表3)。
表 3 不同施肥处理番茄收获后土壤容重和孔隙度Table 3. Soil bulk density and porosity under different treatments after potato harvest处理Treatment 2017 2018 容重 Bulk density (g/cm3) 孔隙度 Porosity (%) 容重 Bulk density (g/cm3) 孔隙度 Porosity (%) FP 1.51 ± 0.01 a 42.37 ± 1.02 a 1.52 ± 0.02 a 42.19 ± 1.06 a FM10 1.46 ± 0.02 abc 44.64 ± 0.85 a 1.46 ± 0.01 abc 43.96 ± 0.87 a FM20 1.45 ± 0.02 bc 44.96 ± 0.90 a 1.44 ± 0.02 bc 44.78 ± 0.91 a FM30 1.44 ± 0.02 c 45.02 ± 0.88 a 1.44 ± 0.01 bc 45.07 ± 0.84 a FM40 1.43 ± 0.01 c 45.26 ± 0.45 a 1.43 ± 0.01 c 45.06 ± 0.34 a CK 1.49 ± 0.02 a 43.63 ± 0.63 a 1.49 ± 0.02 ab 43.50 ± 0.50 a 注（Note）：CK—不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilizer; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40% 的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达 5% 显著水平 Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 level. 2.1.2 不同施肥处理对土壤养分的影响
2017和2018两年试验结果一致 (表4)，有机氮替代比例高于20%后，土壤中的全氮量显著低于FP处理，有机碳含量比FP处理显著增加，FM30和FM40处理的有机碳含量又显著高于FM20处理，而FM30和FM40处理之间没有显著差异。5个施肥处理对土壤氨态氮含量基本无影响，但随有机肥替代化肥比例增加，土壤中硝态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量均下降，FM30和FM40处理与FP处理均达到显著水平。表明当有机替代达到30%以上时，会减少土壤中全氮含量，但可以有效增加有机碳的含量，培肥土壤，降低速效养分的含量，降低土壤盐渍化的速率。
表 4 2017和2018年番茄收获后不同施肥处理土壤养分含量Table 4. Soil nutrient contents under different fertilization treatments after potato harvest in 2017 and 2018处理
Treatment全氮 (g/kg)
Total N有机碳 (g/kg)
Organic C硝态氮 (mg/kg)
NO3–-N铵态氮 (mg/kg)
NH4+-N有效磷 (mg/kg)
Available P速效钾 (mg/kg)
Available K2017 FP 0.84 ± 0.02 a 5.77 ± 0.28 c 70.20 ± 2.11 a 1.28 ± 0.05 a 56.58 ± 1.44 a 137.23 ± 2.06 ab FM10 0.81 ± 0.02 a 6.24 ± 0.13 b 68.38 ± 3.27 a 1.21 ± 0.05 a 54.72 ± 2.18 ab 130.00 ± 1.23 bc FM20 0.77 ± 0.01 b 6.43 ± 0.26 b 57.68 ± 1.23 b 1.30 ± 0.11 a 50.51 ± 1.08 bc 124.313 ± 2.31 cd FM30 0.76 ± 0.02 b 7.04 ± 0.29 a 50.28 ± 2.19 c 1..26 ± 0.05 a 47.15 ± 2.03 cd 119.67 ± 2.61 de FM40 0.74 ± 0.02 b 7.23 ± 0.13 a 45.27 ± 1.37 c 1.28 ± 0.05 a 44.26 ± 1.42 d 112.00 ± 3.00 e CK 0.58 ± 0.02 c 5.34 ± 0.09 d 25.26 ± 0.21 d 1.23 ± 0.08 a 55.81 ± 0.89 a 138.28 ± 0.98 a 2018 FP 0.85 ± 0.01 a 5.76 ± 0.29 c 67.10 ± 2.11 a 1.27 ± 0.06 a 57.67 ± 1.47 a 135.33 ± 3.06 ab FM10 0.82 ± 0.02 a 6.25 ± 0.14 b 64.43 ± 1.27 a 1.20 ± 0.03 ab 53.75 ± 2.78 ab 128.00 ± 1.73 bc FM20 0.77 ± 0.01 b 6.42 ± 0.29 b 54.76 ± 1.01 b 1.35 ± 0.10 a 49.52 ± 1.18 bc 120.33 ± 3.21 cd FM30 0.75 ± 0.02 b 6.97 ± 0.32 a 48.29 ± 3.04 c 1.05 ± 0.01 b 46.75 ± 2.43 cd 116.67 ± 4.73 de FM40 0.73 ± 0.02 b 7.21 ± 0.02 a 42.71 ± 1.89 c 1.33 ± 0.05 a 42.97 ± 1.02 d 111.00 ± 2.00 e CK 0.59 ± 0.01 c 5.35 ± 0.11 d 22.97 ± 0.15 d 1.26 ± 0.09 a 57.83 ± 0.73 a 140.33 ± 0.58 a 注（Note）：CK—不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilizer; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40% 的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达 5% 显著水平 Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 level. 2.2 不同施肥处理对番茄养分吸收及肥料利用率的影响
2.2.1 不同施肥处理成果期番茄养分含量
由图1可知，果实含氮量以FP和FM10处理最高，二者显著高于其他处理。当有机肥替代比例为10%～30%时，果实钾含量较高，FM10处理的果实含钾量显著高于FP、FM40和CK处理。4个有机替代处理的果实磷素含量均显著高于FP和CK处理，4个有机替代处理间磷素含量差异不显著。
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图 1 不同施肥处理番茄果实氮磷钾含量[注（Note）：CK—不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilizer; FP—100%化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40%的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100%化肥100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen.柱上不同字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平 Different letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level.]Figure 1. NPK contents of tomato fruits as affected by different fertilizer treatments2.2.2 不同施肥处理的养分利用效率
2017和2018两年的结果 (表5) 表明，处理FM10和FP的氮素收获指数没有显著差异，二者均显著高于其他3个处理，其他3个处理间差异不显著。氮肥偏生产力以FM30和FM40处理较高，二者没有显著差异，但均显著高于其他处理，其他3个处理之间的氮肥偏生产力也差异显著。氮肥利用率以FM30处理最高，与FM40处理差异不显著， 但显著高于其他处理，比FP处理提高了17.7%。但是，总的来看，两年试验的氮肥利用率均不高，仅有12.8%～15.0%。
表 5 不同施肥处理氮素效率Table 5. Nitrogen efficiency of different fertilization treatments处理
Treatment2017 2018 氮素收获指数 (%)
N harvest index氮肥偏生产力 (kg/kg)
NPFP氮肥利用率 (%)
NUE氮素收获指数 (%)
N harvest index氮肥偏生产力 (kg/kg)
NPFP氮肥利用率 (%)
NUEFP 32.5 ± 0.16 a 71.0 ± 0.72 d 12.8 ± 0.04 c 32.9 ± 0.17 a 71.6 ± 0.65 d 13.0 ± 0.06 c FM10 33.0 ± 0.12 a 75.0 ± 0.63 c 14.4 ± 0.04 b 33.4 ± 0.14 a 75.2 ± 0.62 c 14.6 ± 0.06 b FM20 31.2 ± 0.20 b 78.3 ± 0.67 b 14.5 ± 0.12 b 31.4 ± 0.15 b 78.5 ± 0.74 b 14.7 ± 0.11 b FM30 31.3 ± 0.12 b 82.8 ± 0.87 a 15.0 ± 0.14 a 31.5 ± 0.12 b 82.4 ± 1.04 a 15.4 ± 0.09 a FM40 30.8 ± 0.14 b 83.0 ± 0.81 a 14.7 ± 0.08 ab 31.0 ± 0.10 b 83.4 ± 0.75 a 14.8 ± 0.07 ab 注（Note）：FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40% 的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. NPFP—Nitrogen partial fertilizer productivity, NUE—Nitrogenous fertilizer utilization efficient. 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达 5% 显著水平 Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 level. 2.3 不同施肥处理对番茄产量的影响
2017、2018两年试验不同处理番茄产量的变化趋势一致，4个有机替代处理的番茄产量均高于FP处理，FM20和FM30处理的产量平均分别为82638和82777 kg/hm2，分别比FP处理增产3.86%、4.03%，均达5%显著水平。FM40处理的番茄产量虽然较低，但与FM30和FM20处理的差异未达显著水平。将产量与有机替代比例进行拟合可看出，获得最高产量的有机替代比例为27% (图2)。
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图 2 不同施肥处理的番茄果实产量 (2017—2018年)[注（Note）：CK—不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilizer; FP—100%化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40%的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100%化肥100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. 柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著Different small letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).]Figure 2. Tomato fruit yields in 2017 and 2018 as affected by different fertilization treatments2.4 不同施肥处理对番茄品质指标的影响
由表6可知，与FP处理相比，4个有机替代处理均显著降低了番茄NO3－-N含量。4个有机替代处理的番茄NO3－-N含量比FP处理均降低了12%～21%。FP、FM10和FM20处理的番茄维生素C (Vc) 含量较高，显著高于FM40和CK处理。有机肥替代比例为10%时，番茄总糖含量比FP处理有所增加，但显著高于FM20、FM30和FM40处理，不同有机替代比例间番茄酸度没有显著差异，但FM10处理的糖酸比显著高于FM20处理。
表 6 不同施肥处理对番茄果实硝酸盐、Vc和糖酸比的影响 (2018)Table 6. Effects of different fertilization treatments on nitrate, Vc and sugar-acid ratio of tomato fruits处理 Treatment NO3–-N (mg/kg) VC (mg/kg) 总糖 Total sugar (%) 酸度 Acidity (%) 糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio FP 72.91 ± 0.65 a 160.33 ± 1.04 a 2.33 ± 0.03 ab 0.37 ± 0.01 ab 6.32 ± 0.33 ab FM10 64.01 ± 0.70 b 161.67 ± 1.71 a 2.49 ± 0.17 a 0.38 ± 0.01 a 6.53 ± 0.41 ab FM20 60.01 ± 1.37 c 153.86 ± 0.99 ab 2.08 ± 0.17 b 0.39 ± 0.02 a 5.30 ± 0.20 c FM30 57.41 ± 2.13 cd 142.98 ± 2.39 bc 2.03 ± 0.17 b 0.36 ± 0.02 ab 5.70 ± 0.34 bc FM40 57.51 ± 1.42 cd 135.14 ± 1.01 c 2.06 ± 0.05 b 0.35 ± 0.02 ab 5.95 ± 0.43 bc CK 56.31 ± 0.54 d 126.70 ± 2.66 c 2.30 ± 0.09 ab 0.33 ± 0.01 b 6.93 ± 0.32 a 注（Note）：CK—不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilizer; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40% 的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达 5% 显著水平 Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 level. 2.5 不同施肥处理番茄经济效益分析
总投入为有机肥 (不包括统一底施的有机肥)、复合肥、水溶肥3种肥料的投入，增加的有机肥同统一底施的有机肥一起施入未考虑因此增加的人工成本，各处理人工劳动成本一致，故经济效益分析中无人工劳动成本的计算。由两年经济效益的平均值（表7）可知， FM20处理 (有机肥氮替代20%化肥氮) 总投入成本最高，比FP处理成本增加4.5%；而FM30处理 (有机肥氮替代30%化肥氮)，总投入成本最低，产出最高，净收益最大，增收8188元/hm2，与100%化肥处理FP相比，可节省肥料成本4.3%，增加收入6.9%。
表 7 施肥处理投入和净收益分析 (yuan/hm2)Table 7. Analysis of total input and net income of different fertilization treatments处理 Treatment 总投入Total input 产出 Output 净收益Net income FP 41255 159137 117882 FM10 42176 162249 120073 FM20 43095 165275 122180 FM30 39485 165555 126071 FM40 40395 163677 123282 注（Note）：FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40% 的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. 复合肥 4 yuan/kg，水溶肥 13 yuan/kg，有机肥 0.6 yuan/kg，番茄 2.0 yuan/kg Compound fertilizer price is 4 yuan/kg, water-soluble fertilizer price is 13 yuan/kg, organic fertilizer price is 0.6 yuan/kg and tomato price is 2.0 yuan/kg. 3. 讨论
3.1 有机肥替代部分化肥对土壤肥力的影响
粮田改建的设施大棚土壤有机质和养分含量一般较低，是制约蔬菜生长的主要限制因子。有机肥和化肥配合施用可以显著提高土壤活性有机质和碳库管理指数[14]，对于保持土壤养分的基本平衡、提高整体肥力及养分有效性有显著作用[15]。有研究表明，日光温室土壤氮磷钾养分在建棚的1～2年快速积累，3～4年积累速率变缓，一般5～8年达到最大值，之后基本处于平衡状态[16-18]。在本试验的两个新建大棚中，当肥料中有机肥 (鸡粪) 的比例提高到30%以上，一季后土壤有机碳含量较100%化肥处理显著提高，而速效养分除铵态氮含量外，显著降低 (表4)。土壤有效磷、速效钾含量的下降与有机替代比例高的处理中磷钾投入量减少有关。全氮量和硝态氮含量的减少应该与果实的吸收带走有关。结合产量的变化，在新建日光温室的第一年，肥料中的有机肥比例应控制在30%以内。
有机肥能够改良土壤结构，降低土壤容重和紧实度，提高土壤总孔隙度[19-21]。据徐明岗等[14]10年长期定位试验表明，土壤中活性有机质和碳库管理指数与土壤有效养分和物理性状及作物产量均呈显著正相关，比总有机质更能客观的反映土壤肥力和土壤质量的变化。本试验中，随有机肥替代比例增加，土壤孔隙度虽然呈增加趋势但是没有显著的变化，当有机肥氮比例高于20%时，土壤容重显著低于对照和100%化肥处理 (表3)。因此，新建大棚中，应保证肥料中适宜的有机替代比例，以实现土壤物理和化学性状的同时改善。
3.2 有机肥替代部分化肥对番茄产量和品质的影响
大量的研究证实了有机肥和化肥配施维持或提高作物产量与品质的效果，如王冰清等[9]、叶景学等[22]研究发现化肥减量配施有机肥，提高了黄瓜、茄子、甘蓝和苦瓜的可溶性糖、Vc含量，降低了硝酸盐的含量。周博等[23]在新建日光温室的番茄试验中发现，化肥氮减施16%增施有机肥，对番茄产量无显著影响，而宁建凤等[24]连续4茬小白菜试验发现，化肥优化减施条件下有机肥替代10%～30%化肥，小白菜产量无显著变化。张国显等[25]、Manna等[26]研究发现，有机肥替代25%化肥可实现化肥减施增产的效果，番茄可增产28%。本研究中，肥料中有机肥氮比例影响着有机肥提高番茄产量的效果，有机肥氮比例为20%～30%时，番茄的产量显著高于100%化肥处理 (图2)，继续增加有机肥氮比例则会降低番茄的产量。通过产量与有机肥氮比例的拟合曲线得出，在本试验条件下，获得最高产量的最佳有机肥氮替代比例为27%。提高肥料中有机肥氮的比例显著降低了番茄果实中硝酸盐含量，降幅为12%～21%，Vc、总糖、酸度、糖酸比等品质比较稳定。
3.3 有机肥替代部分化肥对氮养分效率的影响
大量研究表明，有机无机肥配合施用能明显提高氮肥利用率，提高氮素运转效率，提高作物产量[27-30]。如刘汝亮等[29]研究表明，在宁夏引黄灌区稻田配施有机肥，水稻氮肥利用率可以提高2～5个百分点；高洪军等[30]研究发现，有机肥替代化肥的有机无机配施模式能够提高玉米的氮素积累量，并提高玉米的氮肥偏生产力和氮收获指数。蔬菜有机肥养分用量占总养分用量的适宜比例一般为40%～50%，然而在实际蔬菜生产中化肥超量投入，有机肥用量严重不足，这是目前我国蔬菜施肥中存在的主要问题[31]。但是实际中，也有施用有机肥并未显著提高作物氮肥利用率的结果[32-33]。如何传龙[34]研究发现，化肥减施30%下番茄虽然比习惯施肥增产了6.8%，但氮肥利用率也仅为5.65%。可见，有机肥对氮肥利用率的影响在不同施氮量、作物类型、土壤条件和气候条件下差异较大[35-37]。本试验研究发现，肥料中有机氮的比例为30%时，氮肥的利用率最高，比100%化肥处理提高17.7%，同时其氮肥收获指数和偏生产力也较高 (表5)，但由于本研究中新棚的有机质和氮磷钾较为缺乏，限制了番茄的生长，导致了整体番茄生产能力下降，所以氮肥的利用率较低，平均只有14.3%左右。可见新棚土壤整体肥力的缺乏是影响肥料养分利用效率的重要因素，因此，需要进一步研究合理施用有机肥，快速培肥土壤。
4. 结论
在新建的蔬菜大棚中，肥料中的有机肥氮替代比例为30%左右时，可获得较高的番茄产量和品质，氮肥利用率也最高。有机替代比例为30%时，不仅提高了土壤有机碳含量，还显著降低了土壤容重，改善了土壤肥力。在本试验中，提高有机氮的比例，不同程度的减少了磷钾的投入，但是果实中的磷钾含量反而比单施化肥有了显著的增加，残留在土壤中的速效氮磷钾养分显著下降，表明有机替代可在一定程度上缓解大棚土壤中盐分的积累。
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图 1 不同施肥处理番茄果实氮磷钾含量
[注（Note）：CK—不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilizer; FP—100%化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40%的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100%化肥100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen.柱上不同字母表示处理间差异达5%显著水平 Different letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments at the 0.05 level.]
Figure 1. NPK contents of tomato fruits as affected by different fertilizer treatments
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图 2 不同施肥处理的番茄果实产量 (2017—2018年)
[注（Note）：CK—不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilizer; FP—100%化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40%的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100%化肥100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. 柱上不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著Different small letters above the bars indicate significant difference among treatments (P<0.05).]
Figure 2. Tomato fruit yields in 2017 and 2018 as affected by different fertilization treatments
表 1 土壤基本理化性质
Table 1 Basic physical and chemical properties of soils
年份
Year全氮
Total N
(g/kg)硝态氮
NO3−-N
(mg/kg)铵态氮
NH4+-N
(mg/kg)有效磷
Available P
(mg/kg)速效钾
Available K
(mg/kg)有机碳
Organic C
(g/kg)pH 盐
Salt
(g/kg)容重
Bulk density
(g/cm3)孔隙度
Porosity
(%)2017 0.53 21.40 0.92 14.72 51.0 4.84 8.40 0.82 1.54 41.12 2018 0.54 22.12 0.95 15.68 45.0 4.68 8.50 0.84 1.55 40.51 
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表 2 各处理中肥料养分用量 (kg/hm2)
Table 2 The amount of fertilizers applied in each treatment
处理
Treatment化肥 Compound fertilizer 鸡粪 Chicken manure N P2O5 K2O N P2O5 K2O CK 0 954.9 1107.9 575.7 1137.0 619.2 FP 1108.1 955.2 1108.1 575.7 1137.0 619.2 FP10 1002.3 849.5 1002.3 654.0 1291.6 703.4 FP20 896.6 743.8 896.6 732.3 1446.3 787.6 FP30 773.4 673.2 773.4 810.6 1600.9 871.8 FP40 667.6 567.6 667.6 888.9 1755.5 956.0
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表 3 不同施肥处理番茄收获后土壤容重和孔隙度
Table 3 Soil bulk density and porosity under different treatments after potato harvest
处理Treatment 2017 2018 容重 Bulk density (g/cm3) 孔隙度 Porosity (%) 容重 Bulk density (g/cm3) 孔隙度 Porosity (%) FP 1.51 ± 0.01 a 42.37 ± 1.02 a 1.52 ± 0.02 a 42.19 ± 1.06 a FM10 1.46 ± 0.02 abc 44.64 ± 0.85 a 1.46 ± 0.01 abc 43.96 ± 0.87 a FM20 1.45 ± 0.02 bc 44.96 ± 0.90 a 1.44 ± 0.02 bc 44.78 ± 0.91 a FM30 1.44 ± 0.02 c 45.02 ± 0.88 a 1.44 ± 0.01 bc 45.07 ± 0.84 a FM40 1.43 ± 0.01 c 45.26 ± 0.45 a 1.43 ± 0.01 c 45.06 ± 0.34 a CK 1.49 ± 0.02 a 43.63 ± 0.63 a 1.49 ± 0.02 ab 43.50 ± 0.50 a 注（Note）：CK—不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilizer; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40% 的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达 5% 显著水平 Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 level.
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表 4 2017和2018年番茄收获后不同施肥处理土壤养分含量
Table 4 Soil nutrient contents under different fertilization treatments after potato harvest in 2017 and 2018
处理
Treatment全氮 (g/kg)
Total N有机碳 (g/kg)
Organic C硝态氮 (mg/kg)
NO3–-N铵态氮 (mg/kg)
NH4+-N有效磷 (mg/kg)
Available P速效钾 (mg/kg)
Available K2017 FP 0.84 ± 0.02 a 5.77 ± 0.28 c 70.20 ± 2.11 a 1.28 ± 0.05 a 56.58 ± 1.44 a 137.23 ± 2.06 ab FM10 0.81 ± 0.02 a 6.24 ± 0.13 b 68.38 ± 3.27 a 1.21 ± 0.05 a 54.72 ± 2.18 ab 130.00 ± 1.23 bc FM20 0.77 ± 0.01 b 6.43 ± 0.26 b 57.68 ± 1.23 b 1.30 ± 0.11 a 50.51 ± 1.08 bc 124.313 ± 2.31 cd FM30 0.76 ± 0.02 b 7.04 ± 0.29 a 50.28 ± 2.19 c 1..26 ± 0.05 a 47.15 ± 2.03 cd 119.67 ± 2.61 de FM40 0.74 ± 0.02 b 7.23 ± 0.13 a 45.27 ± 1.37 c 1.28 ± 0.05 a 44.26 ± 1.42 d 112.00 ± 3.00 e CK 0.58 ± 0.02 c 5.34 ± 0.09 d 25.26 ± 0.21 d 1.23 ± 0.08 a 55.81 ± 0.89 a 138.28 ± 0.98 a 2018 FP 0.85 ± 0.01 a 5.76 ± 0.29 c 67.10 ± 2.11 a 1.27 ± 0.06 a 57.67 ± 1.47 a 135.33 ± 3.06 ab FM10 0.82 ± 0.02 a 6.25 ± 0.14 b 64.43 ± 1.27 a 1.20 ± 0.03 ab 53.75 ± 2.78 ab 128.00 ± 1.73 bc FM20 0.77 ± 0.01 b 6.42 ± 0.29 b 54.76 ± 1.01 b 1.35 ± 0.10 a 49.52 ± 1.18 bc 120.33 ± 3.21 cd FM30 0.75 ± 0.02 b 6.97 ± 0.32 a 48.29 ± 3.04 c 1.05 ± 0.01 b 46.75 ± 2.43 cd 116.67 ± 4.73 de FM40 0.73 ± 0.02 b 7.21 ± 0.02 a 42.71 ± 1.89 c 1.33 ± 0.05 a 42.97 ± 1.02 d 111.00 ± 2.00 e CK 0.59 ± 0.01 c 5.35 ± 0.11 d 22.97 ± 0.15 d 1.26 ± 0.09 a 57.83 ± 0.73 a 140.33 ± 0.58 a 注（Note）：CK—不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilizer; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40% 的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达 5% 显著水平 Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 level.
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表 5 不同施肥处理氮素效率
Table 5 Nitrogen efficiency of different fertilization treatments
处理
Treatment2017 2018 氮素收获指数 (%)
N harvest index氮肥偏生产力 (kg/kg)
NPFP氮肥利用率 (%)
NUE氮素收获指数 (%)
N harvest index氮肥偏生产力 (kg/kg)
NPFP氮肥利用率 (%)
NUEFP 32.5 ± 0.16 a 71.0 ± 0.72 d 12.8 ± 0.04 c 32.9 ± 0.17 a 71.6 ± 0.65 d 13.0 ± 0.06 c FM10 33.0 ± 0.12 a 75.0 ± 0.63 c 14.4 ± 0.04 b 33.4 ± 0.14 a 75.2 ± 0.62 c 14.6 ± 0.06 b FM20 31.2 ± 0.20 b 78.3 ± 0.67 b 14.5 ± 0.12 b 31.4 ± 0.15 b 78.5 ± 0.74 b 14.7 ± 0.11 b FM30 31.3 ± 0.12 b 82.8 ± 0.87 a 15.0 ± 0.14 a 31.5 ± 0.12 b 82.4 ± 1.04 a 15.4 ± 0.09 a FM40 30.8 ± 0.14 b 83.0 ± 0.81 a 14.7 ± 0.08 ab 31.0 ± 0.10 b 83.4 ± 0.75 a 14.8 ± 0.07 ab 注（Note）：FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40% 的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. NPFP—Nitrogen partial fertilizer productivity, NUE—Nitrogenous fertilizer utilization efficient. 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达 5% 显著水平 Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 level.
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表 6 不同施肥处理对番茄果实硝酸盐、Vc和糖酸比的影响 (2018)
Table 6 Effects of different fertilization treatments on nitrate, Vc and sugar-acid ratio of tomato fruits
处理 Treatment NO3–-N (mg/kg) VC (mg/kg) 总糖 Total sugar (%) 酸度 Acidity (%) 糖酸比 Sugar-acid ratio FP 72.91 ± 0.65 a 160.33 ± 1.04 a 2.33 ± 0.03 ab 0.37 ± 0.01 ab 6.32 ± 0.33 ab FM10 64.01 ± 0.70 b 161.67 ± 1.71 a 2.49 ± 0.17 a 0.38 ± 0.01 a 6.53 ± 0.41 ab FM20 60.01 ± 1.37 c 153.86 ± 0.99 ab 2.08 ± 0.17 b 0.39 ± 0.02 a 5.30 ± 0.20 c FM30 57.41 ± 2.13 cd 142.98 ± 2.39 bc 2.03 ± 0.17 b 0.36 ± 0.02 ab 5.70 ± 0.34 bc FM40 57.51 ± 1.42 cd 135.14 ± 1.01 c 2.06 ± 0.05 b 0.35 ± 0.02 ab 5.95 ± 0.43 bc CK 56.31 ± 0.54 d 126.70 ± 2.66 c 2.30 ± 0.09 ab 0.33 ± 0.01 b 6.93 ± 0.32 a 注（Note）：CK—不施氮肥 No nitrogen fertilizer; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40% 的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. 同列数据后不同字母表示处理间差异达 5% 显著水平 Values followed by different small letters within a column are significantly different among treatments at the 0.05 level.
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表 7 施肥处理投入和净收益分析 (yuan/hm2)
Table 7 Analysis of total input and net income of different fertilization treatments
处理 Treatment 总投入Total input 产出 Output 净收益Net income FP 41255 159137 117882 FM10 42176 162249 120073 FM20 43095 165275 122180 FM30 39485 165555 126071 FM40 40395 163677 123282 注（Note）：FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer; FM10、FM20、FM30、FM40 分别为有机肥氮替代 10%、20%、30%、40% 的化肥氮 FM10, FM20, FM30, FM40 mean that organic fertilizer nitrogen replaces 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% of chemical fertilizer nitrogen, respectively; FP—100% 化肥 100% chemical fertilizer nitrogen. 复合肥 4 yuan/kg，水溶肥 13 yuan/kg，有机肥 0.6 yuan/kg，番茄 2.0 yuan/kg Compound fertilizer price is 4 yuan/kg, water-soluble fertilizer price is 13 yuan/kg, organic fertilizer price is 0.6 yuan/kg and tomato price is 2.0 yuan/kg.
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