斜发沸石对干湿交替条件下水稻产量和氮素累积的影响

赵清; 沙炎; 王术; 陈涛涛; 迟道才

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2023429

斜发沸石对干湿交替条件下水稻产量和氮素累积的影响

Effects of clinoptilolite on yield and nitrogen accumulation of rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation

摘要

摘要:
目的斜发沸石作为一种优良的土壤改良剂，因其具有改善土壤养分、提高水稻产量、减少氮素流失等积极作用而广泛用于水稻生产中。通过田间定位试验，探究干湿交替灌溉条件下斜发沸石对水稻氮素吸收利用和产量的长期影响。
方法在2017—2021年连续5年进行原位大田试验。试验设计为随机区组试验，设置常规淹灌条件下不施斜发沸石(I_CFZ₀)，干湿交替灌溉下不施斜发沸石(I_AWDZ₀)和干湿交替灌溉下施加10 t/hm²斜发沸石(I_AWDZ₁₀) 3个处理，斜发沸石于2017年施入土壤，之后4年(2018—2021)不再施用。水稻生育期内定期取0—30 cm土壤样品用于测定无机氮含量，每年水稻成熟期，调查籽粒产量量及主要产量构成因子，计算地上部氮累积量、氮肥偏生产力。
结果 I_CFZ₀和I_AWDZ₀处理的水稻产量、地上部氮累积量和氮肥偏生产力差异均不显著。与I_CFZ₀和I_AWDZ₀处理相比，I_AWDZ₁₀处理连续5年均显著提高了地上部氮累积量和产量，但增长率随定位试验的延长有所下降。I_AWDZ₁₀ 处理氮肥偏生产力较I_CFZ₀和I_AWDZ₀处理分别增加了9.67～13.44和5.53～9.55 kg/kg，产量分别增加了1.26～2.42和1.00～1.72 t/hm²。与I_AWDZ₀相比，I_AWDZ₁₀处理地上部干物质累积量在拔节孕穗期、抽穗开花期、乳熟期和成熟期分别增加了20.96%～31.24%、16.89%～30.44%、17.87%～25.45%和13.43%～21.12%，地上部氮累积量分别增加了19.92%～47.14%、14.90%～43.88%、21.68%～31.37%和7.18%～30.27%。I_AWDZ₀与I_CFZ₀处理土壤无机氮含量差异不显著，I_AWDZ₁₀处理土壤无机氮含量最高，较I_AWDZ₀处理增加了19.88%～40.96%。在分蘖—穗肥阶段，5年间I_AWDZ₁₀处理的土壤NH₄⁺-N含量较I_CFZ₀和I_AWDZ₀处理分别增加了31.83%～48.84%和28.35%～52.80%。I_AWDZ₀和I_CFZ₀处理收获后土壤全氮含量差异不显著，I_AWDZ₁₀较I_CFZ₀处理显著提高了收获期土壤全氮含量，提升幅度为9.27%～11.41%，这表明随着时间的延长，斜发沸石并不会对土壤养分产生负面影响，反而对土壤养分具有长期改善的作用。
结论在干湿交替灌溉条件下，一次性施用斜发沸石可连续多年提高水稻生育期土壤铵态氮含量、增加土壤全氮，进而促进水稻氮吸收，提高氮肥偏生产力和产量。因此，斜发沸石可用于新型灌溉技术下提高水稻产量，实现稻田可持续利用。

Abstract:
Objectives Clinoptilolite has been widely used as a soil amendment in rice production due to its positive effects of improving soil nutrients and decreasing N losses. We carried out a located field experiment to investigate the lasting effects of clinoptilolite on nitrogen uptake and yield of rice under alternate wetting and drying irrigation (AWD)
Methods The located rice field experiment was conducted consecutively from 2018 to 2021, using a completely randomized block design. The treatments included no clinoptilolite addition under continuous flooding irrigation (I_CFZ₀), no clinoptilolite addition under AWD (I_AWDZ₀), and 10 t/hm² clinoptilolite addition under AWD (I_AWDZ₁₀), clinoptilolite was applied in 2017 and was not applied later on. 0−30 cm soil samples were collected regularly during rice growing season for determination of soil inorganic nitrogen content. Rice plant and grain biomass and nitrogen content were investigated for calculation of aboveground N accumulation and N partial factor productivity (NPFP).
Results I_CFZ₀ and I_AWDZ₀ treatments were recorded similar yield, aboveground N accumulation, and NPFP. I_AWDZ₁₀ significantly increased rice aboveground N accumulation and grain yield for five consecutive years, compared to I_CFZ₀. The NPFP in I_AWDZ₁₀ was 9.67−13.44 kg/kg and 5.53−9.55 kg/kg higher than in I_CFZ₀ and I_AWDZ₀, the grain yield was 1.26−2.42 t/hm² and 1.00−1.72 t/hm² higher than in I_CFZ₀ and I_AWDZ₀, respectively. The aboveground biomass in I_AWDZ₁₀ was 20.96%−31.24%, 16.89%−30.44%, 17.87%−25.45%, and 13.43%−21.12% higher than in I_AWDZ₀ at periods of jointing−booting, heading−flowering, milky ripening, and maturing stage, respectively. The aboveground N accumulation in I_AWDZ₁₀ was 19.92%−47.14%, 14.90%−43.88%, 21.68%−31.37%, and 7.18%−30.27% higher than in I_AWDZ₀ at periods of jointing-booting, heading-flowering, milky ripening, and maturing stage, respectively. I_AWDZ₀ was tested similar soil inorganic N with I_CFZ₀ treatment, while I_AWDZ₁₀ treatment was tested 19.88%−40.96% higher inorganic N than I_AWDZ₀ treatment. The soil NH₄⁺-N content in I_AWDZ₁₀ was 31.83%−48.84% and 28.35%−52.80% higher than that in I_CFZ₀ and I_AWDZ₀ from tillering to panicle fertilizer stage, respectively. There was no significant difference between I_AWDZ₀ and I_CFZ₀ treatment in soil total N content after harvest. T. Treatment I_AWDZ₁₀ significantly increased soil total N by 9.27%−11.41% after harvest, compared with I_CFZ₀. This indicated that clinoptilolite did not negatively affect soil nutrients over time, but had a lasting effect instead.
Conclusions Under alternate wetting and drying irrigation, applying clinoptilolite in large quantities has a lasting and stable effect on improving soil seasonal NH₄⁺-N and total N content, thereby increasing rice aboveground N accumulation, NPFP, and yield continuously. Clinoptilolite application is recommended as a green and efficient measurement for sustainable agriculture.

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