Abstract: Potato ranks the fourth largest staple food in China and the world, the quality and yield of potatoes decide the food and nutrition supply safeties to some extent. During the production, the high yield and quality of potatoes rely heavily on the sufficient and balanced fertilization. Calcium, one of essential elements for plants, has unique functions as a direct nutrient and a messenger in many physiological processes. We summarized the structural features of potato roots and underground stems, the characteristics of calcium uptake and distribution, and the mechanisms of calcium in potato growth. The summary emphasized on the key roles of calcium in improving potato yield and quality while enhancing plant resistance, aiming to provide a scientific basis for the development of calcium fertilizer products, and the precise and efficient calcium fertilization practices that is tailored for specific soil-crop system, thus improving potato yields and quality, and boosting the green production of potato and the strategy for potatoes as a staple food.