控释掺混肥对小麦–玉米轮作体系产量、氮肥利用效率及氨挥发的影响

曹兵; 高玮; 李洪杰; 杜梦扬; 王学霞; 陈延华; 倪小会; 赵萌; 谷佳林; 董淑祺; 李子双

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2023546

控释掺混肥对小麦–玉米轮作体系产量、氮肥利用效率及氨挥发的影响

Effects of blended application of coated and common urea on yield, nitrogen use efficiency and ammonia volatilization in winter wheat–summer maize rotation system

摘要

摘要:
目的针对华北平原冬小麦−夏玉米轮作体系氮肥施用量大、氮肥利用率低、氮素损失严重等问题，探讨不同配比的控释掺混肥减氮和一次性施肥对周年作物产量、氨挥发损失和施肥经济效益的影响，确立麦玉轮作体系轻简高效和环境友好的施肥技术。
方法于2022—2023年，在山东省德州市现代农业科技园区开展田间试验。冬小麦和夏玉米均设不施氮对照(CK)、农户习惯施氮(FFP)、优化施氮(OPT)、CRBF1 (包膜尿素与普通尿素在冬小麦和夏玉米上的掺混比例分别为5∶5和3∶7)和CRBF2 (包膜尿素与普通尿素在冬小麦和夏玉米上的掺混比例分别为7∶3和5∶5)，共5个处理。基施和追施肥后，监测了氨挥发量、强度和损失率。分析了作物干物质积累和产量、氮素吸收量和氮肥利用效率，并计算了施肥经济效益。
结果与FFP处理相比，CRBF1和CRBF2处理的夏玉米、冬小麦和周年产量差异不显著；CRBF1和CRBF2处理夏玉米氮肥偏生产力提高了8.87～9.86 kg/kg，CRBF2处理玉米氮肥回收率提高了48.4% (P<0.05)；CRBF1和CRBF2处理冬小麦季氮肥回收率、氮肥农学利用率和氮肥偏生产力分别提高了30.3%～37.2%、5.22～5.77 kg/kg和6.52～7.06 kg/kg (P<0.05)。与FFP和OPT处理相比，CRBF1和CRBF2处理的肥料+施肥人工投入减少381～960元/hm²，周年净收入增加1208 ～2654元/hm²。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年氨挥发损失量、损失强度和损失率较FFP处理分别降低了69.7%～71.9%、72.0%～74.5%和90.0%～94.1% (P<0.05)。
结论包膜尿素与普通尿素在冬小麦、夏玉米季按照5∶5、3∶7，或者按照7∶3、5∶5的比例掺混一次性基施，均可在减少氮肥用量和施肥劳力投入的条件下，确保周年作物产量稳定，提高生产效益，并显著降低氨挥发损失，是华北平原冬小麦−夏玉米轮作系统高产高效、轻简施肥的有效氮肥施用技术。

Abstract:
Objectives Excessive nitrogen fertilizer application is common in the winter wheat-summer maize rotation system in the North China Plain, causing low nitrogen utilization rate and serious nitrogen loss to the environment. We explored the effects of coapplication of controlled release fertilizer with common urea at different blending ratios on ammonia volatilization loss, annual crop yield and economic benefits, aiming to set up a labor-saving, profitable and environmental-friendly nitrogen fertilization measurement in the grain production of the region.
Methods A field experiment was carried out in the Modern Agricultural Science and Technology Park of Dezhou City from 2022 to 2023. Five treatments were used for both winter wheat and summer maize, including no nitrogen control (CK), conventional nitrogen application (FFP), optimized nitrogen application (OPT), coapplication of coated and conventional urea at blending ratio of 5∶5 for winter wheat and 3∶7 for summer maize (CRBF1), and 7∶3 for winter wheat and 5∶5 for summer maize (CRBF2). The ammonia volatilization was monitored during basal fertilizer and topdressing periods. The plant dry matter accumulation, yield, nitrogen absorption, and fertilization economic benefits were investigated.
Results Compared with FFP, CRBF1 and CRBF2 treatments produced similar maize, wheat, and annual crop yield, and enhanced N partial factor productivity by 8.87−9.86 kg/kg; CRBF1 and CRBF2 treatments increased N recovery efficiency, N agronomic efficiency, and N partial factor productivity by 30.3%−37.2%, 5.22−5.77 kg/kg, and 6.52−7.06 kg/kg in winter wheat, respectively, and RBF2 treatment increased N recovery efficiency by 48.4% in summer maize. Compared with FFP and OPT treatments, CRBF1 and CRBF2 treatments decreased fertilizer and fertilization cost by 381−960 yuan/hm², thereby increased annual net income by 1208−2654 yuan/hm² in two seasons. CRBF1 and CRBF2 treatments significantly reduced annual ammonia volatilization loss by 69.7%−71.9%, ammonia volatilization intensity by 72.0%−74.5%, and ammonia volatilization rate by 90.0%−94.1%, compared to FFP treatment, respectively (P<0.05).
Conclusions Using one-time basal application technology, the recommended blending ratio of coated and common urea is 5∶5 and 3∶7, or 7∶3 and 5∶5 in winter wheat and summer maize season, respectively. The blending ratio is proved of effective in keeping stable annual crop yield, increasing total production benefit, and mitigating ammonia volatilization loss due to reduced nitrogen fertilizer and labor input.

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