连作棉田土壤养分、棉花产量对减施氮肥的响应

孟令贻; 唐江华; 徐文修; 娄善伟; 苏丽丽; 王晨; 张俊尧; 王家勇

doi:10.11674/zwyf.2024013

连作棉田土壤养分、棉花产量对减施氮肥的响应

Response of soil nutrients and cotton yield to nitrogen reduction rate in continuous cropping cotton field

摘要

摘要:
目的研究多年连作棉田减氮量对棉花产量和土壤氮磷钾养分的影响，以及减氮与棉花产量、土壤氮磷钾养分有效性间的关联，为科学减施氮肥、维持新疆棉花的高产高效提供理论支撑。
方法 2020 年和 2021年在连作10年的棉田进行定位田间试验，供试棉花品种为新农大棉4号。设置常规施氮(375 kg/hm²，CK)、减氮20% (300 kg/hm²，N2)、减氮40% (225 kg/hm²，N4)和减氮100% (0 kg/hm²，N0) 4个处理。调查了棉花产量，分析了0—20、20—40 cm土层土壤全量和速效氮、磷、钾含量。
结果在北疆棉田300 kg/hm²氮肥用量处理提高了土壤全磷、速效磷和速效钾含量，两年均值分别比CK处理高出4.04%、44.58%、9.94% (0—20 cm)和2.05%、44.47%、22.60% (20—40 cm)；促进了棉花干物质积累，两年棉花平均干物质积累量较对照提高15.66%，利于产量形成，较对照处理分别增产了13.88% (籽棉)和18.10% (皮棉)，有效提高了氮素利用效率。灰色关联分析可知，与减氮密切关联的土壤养分指标为土壤硝态氮、铵态氮含量，但与作物产量密切关联的土壤养分指标为土壤速效钾、全磷含量。
结论在北疆长期连作棉田，将施氮量由375 kg/hm²减至300 kg/hm²可有效提升土壤有效态氮磷含量，进而增加棉花的干物质积累，提高籽棉和皮棉产量，实现节氮增产。

Abstract:
Objectives The effects of nitrogen reduction rates on continuous cropping cotton yield and soil main nutrients in northern Xinjiang were studied, and the closely correlated factors for rapid response to the reduced nitrogen input were analyzed, in order to provide support for the sustainable and high production efficiency of cotton in Xinjiang.
Methods In 2020 and 2021, field experiment was conducted in a 10 year continuous cotton cropping field, with cotton cultivar “Xinnongda 4” as the test material. Four treatments were set up, including: conventional N application rate control (375 kg/hm², CK), and reducing 20%, 40%, and 100% of conventional nitrogen rate (N2, N4, and N0). Cotton yield was investigated, and the main soil nutrient contents in 0−20 cm and 20−40 cm soil layers were analyzed.
Results Compared with CK, N2 treatment increased soil available P and K content, the average increment were 44.58% and 9.94% in 0−20 cm soil, and 44.47% and 22.60% in 20−40 cm layer, respectively; N2 treatment also increased dry matter accumulation of cotton by 15.66% on two-year average, which was conducive to the yield formation. The seed cotton yield was consequently increased by 13.88% and the lint cotton yield was increased by18.10%, respectively, and the nitrogen utilization efficiency were enhanced as a result. The grey correlation analysis showed that the soil nutrient indexes closely related to nitrogen reduction were nitrate and ammonium nitrogen content, and closely related to crop yield were readily available K and total P content.
Conclusions In the continuous cropping cotton fields of northern Xinjiang, reducing nitrogen input from 375 kg/hm² to 300 kg/hm² will significantly increase soil available N, P and K content, and the dry matter accumulation, thus achieving yield increase and fertilizer reduction.

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