• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

施肥对旱地农田土壤水分及玉米产量的影响

Effects of fertilization on soil moisture and maize yield in dryland farmland

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 探明施肥对旱地土壤水分以及作物产量的影响，为指导旱地合理施肥、提升土壤肥力和提高资源利用效率提供科学依据。
    方法 田间试验于2018年在山西寿阳进行，种植作物为春玉米。试验以不施肥为对照(CK)，设置单施有机肥、单施化肥以及有机无机肥配施3种肥料类型处理，每种肥料类型下又设置低肥 (50 kg/hm2)、中肥 (150 kg/hm2) 及高肥 (250 kg/hm2) 3个施肥量 (以N计)，共10个处理。于2022年玉米收获期和2023年玉米播种前、收获期，调查农田土壤蓄水效率和水分蒸发量，生育期农田耗水量，以及玉米产量及其构成因素。
    结果 与不施肥CK相比，单施化肥处理的休闲期蓄水增加量、水分蒸发量和休闲期蓄水效率无显著变化；单施有机肥处理休闲期蓄水效率提高了89.1%；有机无机肥配施休闲期蓄水增加量显著提高了49.1 mm，水分蒸发量降低了50.7 mm，休闲期蓄水效率提高了157.6%。在低施肥量下，有机肥处理休闲期土壤蓄水增加量较化肥处理增加86.2%，休闲期土壤水分蒸发量降低33.8%，休闲期蓄水效率显著提升304.5%，而有机无机肥配施处理低、中和高施肥量下休闲期土壤蓄水增加量分别较化肥处理显著增加148.1%、245.8%和88.3%，休闲期土壤水分蒸发量分别显著降低39.8%、105.8%和48.6%，休闲期蓄水效率分别显著提升358.7%、337.5%和88.3%。与CK相比，单施化肥和有机无机肥配施处理的玉米产量分别显著提升了107.9%和121.7%，百粒重分别增加23.9%和29.1%，单位面积穗数分别增加23.2%和22.6%，玉米水分利用效率分别显著提升了96.5%和104.3%。中、高施肥量下，单施化肥和有机无机肥配施处理的玉米产量、百粒重、单位面积穗数、水分和降雨利用效率均无显著差异，但均高于有机肥单施处理。
    结论 施用化肥能有效提高玉米产量和水分利用效率，但休闲期土壤蓄存效率较差；施有机肥可增加土壤休闲期蓄水效率，然而即使高施肥量条件下玉米产量和水分利用效率仍相对较低。相比之下，有机无机肥配施处理可在中量 (150 kg/hm2) 和高量 (250 kg/hm2) 施肥条件下，有效促进水肥协调，保障玉米高产稳产，同时提高水分利用效率，是旱地玉米最佳施肥方式。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives Clarifying the effects of fertilization on soil moisture and crop yield in dryland to provide a scientific basis for improving resource use efficiency in dryland.
    Methods The field trial was conducted in Shouyang, Shanxi Province since 2018, the cropping system was single spring maize. In the experiment, three fertilizer types were set up with no fertilization as the control (CK), and three fertilizer types were set up with organic fertilizer alone (O), chemical fertilizer alone (F) and organic and inorganic fertilizer combined application (T), and three fertilizer rates (calculated as N) were set under each fertilizer type, including low fertilizer (50 kg/hm2), medium fertilizer (150 kg/hm2) and high fertilizer (250 kg/hm2), a total of 10 treatments. Before maize harvest in 2022 and 2023 and after maize harvest in 2023, the soil water storage efficiency and evaporation of farmland, the water consumption of farmland during the growth period, and the yield and components of maize were investigated.
    Results Chemical fertilizer treatment (F) exhibited no significant differences in fallow-period soil water storage increase, evaporation, or storage efficiency compared to CK. In contrast, organic fertilizer treatment (O) significantly enhanced fallow-period soil water storage efficiency by 89.1% and integrated treatment (T) caused a significant increase in fallow-period water storage by 49.1 mm , respectively, while reducing soil water evaporation by 50.7 mm (average). And water storage efficiency increased by 157.6% (T) relative to CK. Notably, O treatment improved fallow period water storage efficiency only at a low fertilization rate, whereas T treatment demonstrated consistent benefits across all N rates. Both F and T treatments boosted maize yield by 107.9% and 121.7%, respectively, over CK, with corresponding increases in 100-grain weight (23.9% and 29.1%) and spike number per unit area (23.2% and 22.6%). Water use efficiency (WUE) improved by 96.5% (F) and 104.3% (T). Under medium and high N rates, F and T yielded comparable results for yield, grain weight, spike number per unit area, WUE, and precipitation use efficiency (PUE), all of which surpassed O treatment.
    Conclusions Chemical fertilization is capable of enhancing yield and WUE but failed to improve fallow-period soil water storage efficiency, suggesting limited long-term benefits for moisture retention. Organic fertilization could improve fallow period water storage efficiency but underperformed in yield and WUE, even at high N rates, highlighting its inefficiency for achieving immediate productivity gains. Integrated application of organic and chemical fertilizers could optimize water-fertilizer synergy, ensuring stable, high yields and superior WUE under medium and high N inputs. This strategy is recommended as the optimal fertilization regime for dryland maize, balancing productivity with sustainable resource management.

     

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