• ISSN 1008-505X
  • CN 11-3996/S

氮磷限制型粮田高产小麦品种的群体生长及养分利用特征

Population growth and nutrient utilization characteristics of high-yielding wheat cultivars in nitrogen- and phosphorus-limited grain fields

    摘要
  • 摘要:
    目的 明确氮磷限制型中低产田高产小麦品种的产量形成特征及养分利用特性，为小麦高产栽培提供参考和理论依据。
    方法 选取12个黄淮海地区主推小麦品种，于2022—2024年在河北省河间市进行大田试验。在小麦关键生育期测定茎蘖数、群体干物质积累量、叶面积指数和叶绿素含量等指标；并在开花期和成熟期，测定植株氮、磷养分累积量，调查产量和产量构成因素。采用相关分析和通径分析方法，明确影响小麦高产的关键性状。
    结果 基于两年度不同品种产量水平的聚类分析，将供试品种分为高产型衡观35、衡4399、石麦26、马兰1号(2024)，产量8399～9525 kg/hm2、中产型(河农128、师栾02-1、婴泊700，产量7669～9099 kg/hm2)和低产型(沧麦6002，产量6300～8467 kg/hm2) 3类。与中产型和低产型品种相比，高产型品种的平均产量2022—2023年分别提高8.8%和37.2%，2023—2024年分别提高5.1%和13.2%；穗粒数2022—2023年分别提高11.4%和41.1%，2023—2024年分别提高10.5%和18.7%。成熟期干物质量2022—2023年分别增加12.0%和25.7%，2023—2024年分别提高12.1%和16.8%；成熟期氮素积累量2022—2023年分别高出16.1%和46.1%，2023—2024年分别高出6.3%和15.9%。磷素积累量在开花期和成熟期高产型较低产型2022—2023年分别高出32.9%和31.6%，2023—2024分别高出14.6%和13.7%。群体叶面积指数在各生育期均表现为高产型>中产型>低产型，而茎蘖数表现为中产型最高。偏最小二乘路径模型(PLS-PM)表明，穗粒数与产量(R2=0.750，P<0.05)、干物质积累量(R2=0.194，P<0.05)均显著正相关，干物质积累量与磷素积累量(R2=0.786，P<0.05)显著正相关。
    结论 高产型小麦品种具有较高的上3叶花后叶绿素含量和叶面积指数，保证了较强的光合性能，为群体干物质的积累和穗粒数形成提供物质基础；同时，高产型小麦品种具有较高的花前氮素转运量和磷素籽粒贡献率，氮、磷素吸收效率及积累量也高于中低产小麦品种，千粒重相对稳定，穗数在600×104/hm2以上，产量构成三要素间更为协调，更适用于提升氮磷限制型中低产田小麦生产潜力。

     

    Abstract:
    Objectives This study aimed to elucidate the yield formation and nutrient utilization characteristics of high-yielding wheat cultivars grown in nitrogen and phosphorus limited fields, and to provide valuable insights and a theoretical framework for enhancing wheat productivity under nutrient-deficient conditions.
    Methods Twelve widely cultivated wheat cultivars from the Huang-Huai-Hai region were selected, and field experiments were conducted in Hejian City, Hebei Province, China, from 2022 to 2024. Key growth parameters including tiller number, dry matter accumulation, leaf area index (LAI), and chlorophyll content were carefully measured throughout critical growth stages. Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) accumulation were evaluated at flowering and maturity stages, and yield and its components were recorded at harvest.
    Results Based on yield performance over two-year, cluster analysis classified the tested cultivars into three groups: high-yield types (yield range 8399−9525 kg/hm2, including Hengguan 35, Heng 4399, Shimai 26, and Malan No. 1), medium-yield types (yield range 7669−9099 kg/hm2, including Henong 128, Shiluan 02-1, and Yingbo 700), and low-yield types (yield range 6300−8467 kg/hm2, including Cangmai 6002). Compared with medium- and low-yielding cultivars, high-yielding cultivars increased average grain yield by 8.8% and 37.2%, respectively, in 2022–2023, and by 5.1% and 13.2%, respectively, in 2023–2024.The number of grains per ear increased by 11.4% and 41.1%, respectively, in 2022–2023, and by 10.5% and 18.7%, respectively, in 2023–2024. Dry matter accumulation at maturity increased by 12.0% and 25.7% respectively in 2022–2023, and by 12.1% and 16.8% respectively in 2023–2024. Nitrogen accumulation at the mature stage increased by 16.1% and 46.1% respectively in 2022–2023, and by 6.3% and 15.9% respectively in 2023–2024. Phosphorus accumulation in high-yielding cultivars was significantly than that in low-yielding cultivars, increasing by 32.9% at the flowering stage and 31.6% at the mature stage in 2022–2023, and by 14.6% and 13.7%, respectively, in 2023–2024. across all growth stages, leaf area index (LAI) followed the order high-yielding>medium-yielding>low-yielding cultivars, whereas tiller number peaked in medium-yielding cultivars. Partial Least Squares Path Modeling (PLS-PM) revealed that grain number per spike was significantly positively correlated with yield (R2=0.750, P<0.05) and dry matter accumulation (R2=0.194, P<0.05), while dry matter accumulation was significantly positively correlated with phosphorus accumulation (R2=0.786, P<0.05).
    Conclusions High-yield wheat cultivars exhibit superior post-anthesis chlorophyll content in the upper three leaves and a higher leaf area index, which sustained stronger photosynthetic performance and promoted dry matter accumulation and grain number formation. Moreover, these cultivars also showed higher nitrogen and phosphorus uptake efficiency, greater nutrient accumulation, and enhanced pre-anthesis nitrogen and phosphorus translocation to grains. With a relatively stable thousand-grain weight and moderate spike number, high-yielding cultivars achieved superior yield performance primarily through increased grain number per spike, making them well suited for improving wheat productivity in nitrogen- and phosphorus-limited medium- and low-yield fields.

     

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